{
  "title": "Architecture of Socialist-Era Belgrade",
  "subtitle": "An independent guide to Belgrade’s post-war modernist heritage",
  "intro": [
    "The Belgrade that emerged after the Second World War was not built in a single style. It grew through housing experiments, state commissions, sports and cultural buildings, industrial structures and new forms of urban planning. Across four decades, architects worked at scales ranging from a single residential tower to an entire district intended for tens of thousands of people.",
    "New Belgrade was the largest stage for this transformation. Construction began on the left bank of the Sava in 1948, on open ground between the historic centres of Belgrade and Zemun. Its broad avenues and numbered blocks gave public institutions, offices and mass housing room to develop as parts of a new capital. Yet the story extends well beyond New Belgrade: to Banjica and Voždovac in the south, Karaburma and Dorćol in the east, and the Danube waterfront in Zemun.",
    "It is tempting to group all of this architecture under the label of Brutalism. Concrete is certainly present, often left exposed and used with unusual confidence. But the buildings in this guide also belong to post-war modernism, structural expressionism, prefabricated housing and the late experiments of the so-called Belgrade school of housing. Their architects drew on local practice and international debate at a time when Yugoslavia occupied a position outside the two dominant Cold War blocs. The results are too varied to fit a single stylistic category.",
    "This guide brings together twenty places that can still be encountered as parts of everyday Belgrade. Some are protected monuments; others remain ordinary homes, workplaces or pieces of infrastructure. Several have been carefully restored, while others carry visible signs of neglect and alteration. The selection is personal rather than definitive. Its purpose is to make the buildings easier to find, understand and look at closely."
  ],
  "sections": [
    {
      "number": 1,
      "id": "rudo-complex-eastern-city-gate",
      "title": "Rudo Complex / Eastern City Gate",
      "aliases": "Istočna kapija Beograda; Rudo",
      "displayYear": "1973–1976",
      "address": "Rudo 1–3, Zvezdara",
      "mapUrl": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=44.78443%2C20.5119",
      "credits": [
        {
          "label": "Architect",
          "value": "Vera Ćirković"
        },
        {
          "label": "Structural engineer",
          "value": "Milutin Jerotijević"
        },
        {
          "label": "Construction supervision",
          "value": "Dragoljub Mićović"
        }
      ],
      "paragraphs": [
        "Three triangular residential towers rise from a shared circular plateau beside the motorway entering Belgrade from the east. Their stepped profiles turn towards one another, making the complex read less as three independent slabs than as a single, slowly rotating composition. Each tower has 28 floors and a broad concrete frame that gives the façades their depth.",
        "The project was designed by architect Vera Ćirković with structural engineer Milutin Jerotijević. Dragoljub Mićović supervised construction and gave the towers their official name, Rudo, after his birthplace in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The later nickname “Eastern City Gate” describes what the complex became in the city’s imagination: a landmark seen from the E75 long before the centre of Belgrade comes into view.",
        "Rudo was designed as housing, not as a monument. Its powerful silhouette has nevertheless outlived the optimism of its construction period. Deteriorating concrete and incomplete façade repairs have created long-running maintenance problems, a reminder that the scale that makes the towers legible across the city also makes their upkeep unusually difficult."
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/01-rudo-complex-eastern-city-gate-1.webp",
          "caption": "The three towers seen as a single composition",
          "width": 2200,
          "height": 2200,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/01-rudo-complex-eastern-city-gate-1-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/01-rudo-complex-eastern-city-gate-1-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/01-rudo-complex-eastern-city-gate-1-1600.webp 1600w, media/architecture/01-rudo-complex-eastern-city-gate-1.webp 2200w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/01-rudo-complex-eastern-city-gate-2.webp",
          "caption": "One of the triangular residential towers seen from the surrounding streets",
          "width": 1118,
          "height": 1676,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/01-rudo-complex-eastern-city-gate-2-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/01-rudo-complex-eastern-city-gate-2-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/01-rudo-complex-eastern-city-gate-2.webp 1118w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/01-rudo-complex-eastern-city-gate-3.webp",
          "caption": "The stepped profile and deep concrete frame",
          "width": 886,
          "height": 1576,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/01-rudo-complex-eastern-city-gate-3-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/01-rudo-complex-eastern-city-gate-3.webp 886w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/01-rudo-complex-eastern-city-gate-4.webp",
          "caption": "Windows, enclosed balconies and later alterations across the façade",
          "width": 884,
          "height": 1326,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/01-rudo-complex-eastern-city-gate-4-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/01-rudo-complex-eastern-city-gate-4.webp 884w"
        }
      ],
      "layout": "full",
      "motion": "zoom",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Belgrade Socialist Modernism archive — Eastern City Gate / Rudo",
          "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240621022625/https://belgradesocialmodernism.com/eastern-city-gate-belgrade-rudo/"
        },
        {
          "label": "SOS Brutalism — Eastern City Gates",
          "url": "https://www.sosbrutalism.org/cms/15963887"
        },
        {
          "label": "Creation of “Iconic” Buildings: Architect Vera Ćirković’s East Gate of Belgrade",
          "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/390108263_Creation_of_Iconic_Buildings_-_Architect_Vera_Cirkovic%27s_East_Gate_of_Belgrade"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "number": 2,
      "id": "military-towers",
      "title": "Military Towers",
      "aliases": "Tri solitera u Vojvode Stepe",
      "displayYear": "1969–1973",
      "address": "Bulevar vojvode Stepe 114–118, Voždovac",
      "mapUrl": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=44.77857%2C20.47332",
      "credits": [
        {
          "label": "Architects",
          "value": "Branko Aleksić; later development with Stana Aleksić"
        }
      ],
      "paragraphs": [
        "The three towers on Vojvode Stepe Boulevard were conceived as the vertical centre of a much larger housing plan. A 1969 competition proposed a new urban image for a boulevard still lined largely with low houses. Six towers were planned; only three were realised, and the contrast between their height and the surrounding neighbourhood remains part of their character.",
        "Branko Aleksić prepared the initial tower design in 1969. The project was reworked three years later with Stana Aleksić as co-author while Yugoslavia’s housing system was shifting responsibility from the state towards enterprises and construction organisations. The result combines repetition with a surprising amount of domestic variation. Strong vertical service cores divide long bands of balconies and windows, while residents have gradually filled, glazed and adapted the open parts of the façades.",
        "Seen from across the city, the towers form an almost even row. At street level they are less abstract: shops, entrances, planting and decades of individual alterations pull the megastructure back into ordinary urban life."
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/02-military-towers-1.webp",
          "caption": "The three realised towers seen across Voždovac",
          "width": 2200,
          "height": 1237,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/02-military-towers-1-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/02-military-towers-1-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/02-military-towers-1-1600.webp 1600w, media/architecture/02-military-towers-1.webp 2200w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/02-military-towers-2.webp",
          "caption": "Vertical service cores dividing the residential façades",
          "width": 1467,
          "height": 2200,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/02-military-towers-2-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/02-military-towers-2-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/02-military-towers-2.webp 1467w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/02-military-towers-3.webp",
          "caption": "Balconies and later resident-made alterations",
          "width": 1467,
          "height": 2200,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/02-military-towers-3-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/02-military-towers-3-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/02-military-towers-3.webp 1467w"
        }
      ],
      "layout": "vertical",
      "motion": "none",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Aleksandar Kušić, “A Relation Between Relations: Socialist Mass Housing and Residential Towers of Vojvode Stepe Boulevard”",
          "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375852729_A_%27relation_between_relations%27_Socialist_mass_housing_and_residential_towers_of_Vojvode_Stepe_Boulevard_Belgrade_Serbia"
        },
        {
          "label": "Kaldrma — Gde su nestala tri velika voždovačka solitera",
          "url": "https://kaldrma.rs/gde-su-nestala-tri-velika-vozdovacka-solitera/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "number": 3,
      "id": "military-medical-academy",
      "title": "Military Medical Academy",
      "aliases": "Vojnomedicinska akademija; VMA",
      "displayYear": "1973–1981",
      "address": "Crnotravska 17, Banjica",
      "mapUrl": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=44.76441%2C20.46749",
      "credits": [
        {
          "label": "Architects",
          "value": "Josip Osojnik and Slobodan Nikolić"
        }
      ],
      "paragraphs": [
        "The Military Medical Academy is one of Belgrade’s largest single buildings, yet its mass is organised to avoid the appearance of a sealed institutional block. A long, curved ward block is lifted above the lower diagnostic and treatment levels, creating deep shadows beneath a building that seems to hover over the slope.",
        "Josip Osojnik and Slobodan Nikolić won the 1973 competition with a proposal that treated the hospital as a coordinated system rather than a collection of departments. Construction involved dozens of organisations from across Yugoslavia. The finished complex covers roughly 180,000 square metres, contains about 6,000 rooms and is divided into more than sixty technical and medical units.",
        "The architecture is most legible from below. Horizontal window bands follow the curve of the main wing, while the service and circulation elements give the underside a dense mechanical character. The building began operating in 1982 and continues to function as a hospital, research centre and teaching institution, preserving the demanding programme for which its form was developed."
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/03-military-medical-academy-1.webp",
          "caption": "The curved ward block seen across the complex",
          "width": 2200,
          "height": 1046,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/03-military-medical-academy-1-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/03-military-medical-academy-1-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/03-military-medical-academy-1-1600.webp 1600w, media/architecture/03-military-medical-academy-1.webp 2200w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/03-military-medical-academy-2.webp",
          "caption": "The main volume lifted above its supporting structure",
          "width": 886,
          "height": 1576,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/03-military-medical-academy-2-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/03-military-medical-academy-2.webp 886w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/03-military-medical-academy-3.webp",
          "caption": "Horizontal window bands following the building’s arc",
          "width": 1818,
          "height": 808,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/03-military-medical-academy-3-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/03-military-medical-academy-3-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/03-military-medical-academy-3-1600.webp 1600w, media/architecture/03-military-medical-academy-3.webp 1818w"
        }
      ],
      "layout": "full",
      "motion": "zoom",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Military Medical Academy — About the building",
          "url": "https://www.vma.mod.gov.rs/sr-lat/o-vma/o-zgradi-vma"
        },
        {
          "label": "DOCOMOMO Serbia — Military Medical Academy",
          "url": "https://www.docomomo-serbia.org/code/uploads/2018/03/17-HLT-RS-011-b-0001-VMA-en.pdf"
        },
        {
          "label": "Belgrade Socialist Modernism archive — Military Medical Academy",
          "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240621022625/https://belgradesocialmodernism.com/military-medical-academy/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "number": 4,
      "id": "banjicas-five-towers",
      "title": "Banjica’s Five Towers",
      "aliases": "Pet solitera; colloquially Pet idiota",
      "displayYear": "1971–1975",
      "address": "Crnotravska 13A and surrounding addresses, Banjica",
      "mapUrl": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=44.75984%2C20.47314",
      "credits": [
        {
          "label": "Urban design",
          "value": "Aleksandar Stjepanović, Slobodan Drinjaković and Branislav Karadžić"
        },
        {
          "label": "Tower design",
          "value": "Miodrag Ružić"
        }
      ],
      "paragraphs": [
        "Five residential towers step across the rising ground at Banjica, close to the Military Medical Academy. Rather than forcing a rigid line onto the site, the plan uses changes in height and position to follow the terrain. From a distance, the towers gather into a compact skyline; between them, they remain separated by generous open ground.",
        "Aleksandar Stjepanović, Slobodan Drinjaković and Branislav Karadžić developed the urban arrangement, while Miodrag Ružić designed the towers. The buildings were intended primarily for military personnel and their families. Their faceted plans and strongly modelled concrete sides avoided the standard image of a rectangular high-rise slab, giving each tower a different outline as the viewpoint changes.",
        "The popular nickname “Five Idiots” is often explained through an unverified story that the towers were meant to form a five-pointed star but failed to align. The tale is memorable; the actual achievement is more practical. The group turns a difficult sloping site into a recognisable neighbourhood without sacrificing light and space between the buildings."
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/04-banjicas-five-towers-1.webp",
          "caption": "The tower group rising with the slope of Banjica",
          "width": 2200,
          "height": 1375,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/04-banjicas-five-towers-1-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/04-banjicas-five-towers-1-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/04-banjicas-five-towers-1-1600.webp 1600w, media/architecture/04-banjicas-five-towers-1.webp 2200w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/04-banjicas-five-towers-2.webp",
          "caption": "One tower seen from the open ground between the buildings",
          "width": 886,
          "height": 1576,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/04-banjicas-five-towers-2-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/04-banjicas-five-towers-2.webp 886w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/04-banjicas-five-towers-3.webp",
          "caption": "Faceted concrete sides and recessed balconies",
          "width": 886,
          "height": 1576,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/04-banjicas-five-towers-3-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/04-banjicas-five-towers-3.webp 886w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/04-banjicas-five-towers-4.webp",
          "caption": "One tower against the southern Belgrade skyline",
          "width": 886,
          "height": 1576,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/04-banjicas-five-towers-4-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/04-banjicas-five-towers-4.webp 886w"
        }
      ],
      "layout": "staggered",
      "motion": "none",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "City of Belgrade — Pet solitera na Banjici",
          "url": "https://www.beograd.rs/lat/zivot-u-beogradu/beogradska-riznica/a87206/Pet-solitera-na-Banjici-se-izdvajaju-po-visini-i-nadimku.html"
        },
        {
          "label": "University of Belgrade Faculty of Architecture — Arhitektura standarda",
          "url": "https://www.arh.bg.ac.rs/2019/02/11/predavanje-arhitektura-standarda-novi-beograd-blok-22-23-banjica-prof-aleksandar-stjepanovic/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "number": 5,
      "id": "toblerone-building",
      "title": "Toblerone Building",
      "aliases": "Karaburma Residential Tower",
      "displayYear": "1960–1963",
      "address": "Mije Kovačevića 9, Karaburma",
      "mapUrl": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=44.81553%2C20.49101",
      "credits": [
        {
          "label": "Architect",
          "value": "Rista Šekerinski"
        },
        {
          "label": "Structural engineer",
          "value": "Slobodan Romić"
        }
      ],
      "paragraphs": [
        "The residential tower at Bogoslovija is better known by a name borrowed from a chocolate bar. Its hexagonal core and repeated triangular projections produce a serrated outline, variously compared to a hedgehog, a medieval mace and, eventually, Toblerone.",
        "Rista Šekerinski designed the building for university professors, with Slobodan Romić responsible for the structure. Construction began in 1960 and was completed in 1963. The unusual geometry is not simply decorative: it gives the apartments multiple orientations and turns the balconies into the main plastic element of the façade. From the roundabout, the tower changes from narrow to broad as one moves around it.",
        "The building’s raw concrete and angular form are often described as Brutalist, though it predates many of Belgrade’s better-known examples. What makes it memorable is less its size than its refusal to settle into a single front or side. Even after later glazing and individual alterations, the original structural rhythm remains clear."
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/05-toblerone-building-1.webp",
          "caption": "The Toblerone tower above the Bogoslovija roundabout",
          "width": 2200,
          "height": 2200,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/05-toblerone-building-1-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/05-toblerone-building-1-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/05-toblerone-building-1-1600.webp 1600w, media/architecture/05-toblerone-building-1.webp 2200w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/05-toblerone-building-2.webp",
          "caption": "Triangular balconies projecting from the central structure",
          "width": 1469,
          "height": 2200,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/05-toblerone-building-2-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/05-toblerone-building-2-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/05-toblerone-building-2.webp 1469w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/05-toblerone-building-3.webp",
          "caption": "The tower’s faceted perimeter in an oblique view",
          "width": 1238,
          "height": 2200,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/05-toblerone-building-3-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/05-toblerone-building-3-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/05-toblerone-building-3.webp 1238w"
        }
      ],
      "layout": "vertical",
      "motion": "none",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Architectuul — Toblerone Tower",
          "url": "https://architectuul.com/architecture/toblerone-tower"
        },
        {
          "label": "Belgrade Socialist Modernism archive — Residential Tower Toblerone",
          "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240621022625/https://belgradesocialmodernism.com/residential-tower-toblerone/"
        },
        {
          "label": "Toblerone, Karaburma",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toblerone%2C_Karaburma"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "number": 6,
      "id": "pionir-hall-aleksandar-nikolic-hall",
      "title": "Pionir Hall / Aleksandar Nikolić Hall",
      "aliases": "Hala Pionir; Hala Aleksandar Nikolić",
      "displayYear": "1972–1973",
      "address": "Čarlija Čaplina 39, Palilula",
      "mapUrl": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=44.81555%2C20.48477",
      "credits": [
        {
          "label": "Architects",
          "value": "Ljiljana Bakić and Dragoljub Bakić"
        }
      ],
      "paragraphs": [
        "Pionir Hall was designed and built at unusual speed. A competition was announced in 1972 with a nine-day design deadline, and the completed arena opened on 24 May 1973 for the European Amateur Boxing Championships. Ljiljana and Dragoljub Bakić developed later parts of the project while construction was already under way.",
        "The architects resisted the usual solution of wrapping a sports hall around a single dominant volume. Instead, repeated concrete frames, exposed circulation and bands of glazing break the mass into a sequence of smaller elements. Natural light enters between the structural parts, and the exterior conveys movement without relying on applied decoration. The building received the Grand Prix of the Belgrade Architecture Salon.",
        "Originally part of a wider sports complex that was to include swimming and cycling facilities, the hall became one of Belgrade’s main venues for basketball, boxing, concerts and public events. It was renamed in 2016 after coach Aleksandar Nikolić, but the older name remains deeply embedded in the city’s vocabulary."
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/06-pionir-hall-aleksandar-nikolic-hall-1.webp",
          "caption": "The hall as a sequence of structural bays",
          "width": 2200,
          "height": 2200,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/06-pionir-hall-aleksandar-nikolic-hall-1-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/06-pionir-hall-aleksandar-nikolic-hall-1-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/06-pionir-hall-aleksandar-nikolic-hall-1-1600.webp 1600w, media/architecture/06-pionir-hall-aleksandar-nikolic-hall-1.webp 2200w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/06-pionir-hall-aleksandar-nikolic-hall-2.webp",
          "caption": "Main exterior and public approach",
          "width": 1237,
          "height": 2200,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/06-pionir-hall-aleksandar-nikolic-hall-2-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/06-pionir-hall-aleksandar-nikolic-hall-2-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/06-pionir-hall-aleksandar-nikolic-hall-2.webp 1237w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/06-pionir-hall-aleksandar-nikolic-hall-3.webp",
          "caption": "Repeated concrete frames and glazing",
          "width": 1238,
          "height": 2200,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/06-pionir-hall-aleksandar-nikolic-hall-3-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/06-pionir-hall-aleksandar-nikolic-hall-3-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/06-pionir-hall-aleksandar-nikolic-hall-3.webp 1238w"
        }
      ],
      "layout": "panorama",
      "motion": "pan",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Architectuul — Pionir Sports Hall",
          "url": "https://architectuul.com/architecture/pionir-sports-hall"
        },
        {
          "label": "SOS Brutalism — Pionir Hall",
          "url": "https://www.sosbrutalism.org/cms/17418917"
        },
        {
          "label": "Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts — Put pravih vrednosti",
          "url": "https://www.sanu.ac.rs/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/katalog-Put-pravih-vrednosti.pdf"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "number": 7,
      "id": "urban-planning-institute",
      "title": "Urban Planning Institute",
      "aliases": "Zgrada Urbanističkog zavoda Beograda",
      "displayYear": "1967–1970",
      "address": "Bulevar despota Stefana 56, Stari Grad",
      "mapUrl": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=44.81669%2C20.47178",
      "credits": [
        {
          "label": "Architect",
          "value": "Branislav Jovin"
        }
      ],
      "paragraphs": [
        "The Urban Planning Institute occupies a narrow site opposite the Jevremovac Botanical Garden. Branislav Jovin turned the building’s concrete frame into both structure and environmental device: deep beams and projecting elements shade the glazing, giving the façade a changing pattern of light across the day.",
        "Completed in 1970, the building received the Republic-level Borba Award for architecture. Its exterior is compact and strongly modelled, but the interior was planned around flexibility. A regular structural and service rhythm allowed working areas to change as teams and planning methods evolved. That adaptability suited an institution concerned with the future shape of a rapidly expanding city.",
        "The entrance makes the building’s construction unusually easy to read. Concrete members narrow, overlap and frame views into the interior rather than forming a flat wall. The result is direct without being austere: a working building whose architectural argument is present in the ordinary tasks of shade, span, access and rearrangement."
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/07-urban-planning-institute-1.webp",
          "caption": "The institute seen from Bulevar despota Stefana",
          "width": 1586,
          "height": 1980,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/07-urban-planning-institute-1-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/07-urban-planning-institute-1-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/07-urban-planning-institute-1.webp 1586w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/07-urban-planning-institute-2.webp",
          "caption": "The entrance beneath the exposed concrete frame",
          "width": 886,
          "height": 886,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/07-urban-planning-institute-2-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/07-urban-planning-institute-2.webp 886w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/07-urban-planning-institute-3.webp",
          "caption": "Structural beams doubling as solar shading",
          "width": 2200,
          "height": 1466,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/07-urban-planning-institute-3-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/07-urban-planning-institute-3-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/07-urban-planning-institute-3-1600.webp 1600w, media/architecture/07-urban-planning-institute-3.webp 2200w"
        }
      ],
      "layout": "staggered",
      "motion": "none",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Before After — Urbanistički zavod",
          "url": "https://www.beforeafter.rs/grad/urbanisticki-zavod/"
        },
        {
          "label": "SOS Brutalism / Association of Belgrade Architects — Institute of Urban Planning",
          "url": "https://www.dab.rs/downloads/SOS_Brutalism_Institute%20of%20Urban%20Planning_Belgrade.pdf"
        },
        {
          "label": "Belgrade Socialist Modernism archive — Urban Planning Institute",
          "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240621022625/https://belgradesocialmodernism.com/urban-planing-institute/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "number": 8,
      "id": "zitomlin-silos",
      "title": "Žitomlin Silos",
      "aliases": "Silosi Beograd",
      "displayYear": "1955",
      "address": "Dunavski kej, Dorćol",
      "mapUrl": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=44.82834%2C20.47155",
      "credits": [
        {
          "label": "Original use",
          "value": "Grain silos for the Žitomlin company"
        }
      ],
      "paragraphs": [
        "The cylindrical grain silos on the Danube belong to Belgrade’s post-war industrial landscape rather than its programme of representative civic architecture. Built in 1955 for the milling company Žitomlin, they formed part of the working port zone at the eastern edge of Dorćol. Their repetition, height and lack of conventional windows give them a presence closer to infrastructure than to a building with a public façade.",
        "As riverfront industry declined, the silos lost their original role but remained a visible marker on the Danube. Their recent reuse as Silosi Beograd has introduced cultural events, murals, environmental programmes and open-air gatherings without concealing the industrial structure. The adaptation is deliberately light: the concrete cylinders still dominate, while most activity takes place around and between them.",
        "This change of use makes the silos an exception within the guide. They were not designed as a cultural monument, yet their scale and position have allowed a piece of industrial equipment to become a public place without first being remade as polished real estate."
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/08-zitomlin-silos-1.webp",
          "caption": "The silo group on the Dorćol riverfront",
          "width": 2200,
          "height": 1390,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/08-zitomlin-silos-1-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/08-zitomlin-silos-1-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/08-zitomlin-silos-1-1600.webp 1600w, media/architecture/08-zitomlin-silos-1.webp 2200w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/08-zitomlin-silos-2.webp",
          "caption": "Repeated concrete cylinders and their supporting structure",
          "width": 1760,
          "height": 2200,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/08-zitomlin-silos-2-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/08-zitomlin-silos-2-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/08-zitomlin-silos-2-1600.webp 1600w, media/architecture/08-zitomlin-silos-2.webp 1760w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/08-zitomlin-silos-3.webp",
          "caption": "The industrial complex in its present cultural use",
          "width": 2200,
          "height": 2200,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/08-zitomlin-silos-3-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/08-zitomlin-silos-3-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/08-zitomlin-silos-3-1600.webp 1600w, media/architecture/08-zitomlin-silos-3.webp 2200w"
        }
      ],
      "layout": "panorama",
      "motion": "pan",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Silosi Beograd — About",
          "url": "https://silosi.rs/o-nama/"
        },
        {
          "label": "ICOMOS Slovenia — Protection and Reuse of Industrial Heritage",
          "url": "https://icomos.splet.arnes.si/files/2022/03/publication-icomos-slovenia-2-1.pdf"
        },
        {
          "label": "Belgrade Socialist Modernism archive — Žitomlin Silosi",
          "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240621022625/https://belgradesocialmodernism.com/zitomlin-silosi/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "number": 9,
      "id": "25-may-sports-center",
      "title": "25 May Sports Center",
      "aliases": "Sports and Recreation Center Milan Gale Muškatirović",
      "displayYear": "1971–1973",
      "address": "Tadeuša Košćuška 63, Dorćol",
      "mapUrl": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=44.83021%2C20.45453",
      "credits": [
        {
          "label": "Architect",
          "value": "Ivan Antić"
        }
      ],
      "paragraphs": [
        "Ivan Antić placed the 25 May Sports Center below Belgrade Fortress, where the city drops towards the Danube. Instead of competing with the fortifications above, the complex spreads horizontally along the river and uses a few precise structural gestures to establish its identity.",
        "The most remarkable is the roof over the indoor pool: a thin prestressed-concrete hyperbolic paraboloid spanning the hall with a shell only a few centimetres thick. Nearby, the former restaurant projects towards the river on long cantilevers, lifting its dining room above the ground and opening views across the water. Pool halls, outdoor grounds, a bowling alley and service spaces were assembled as a recreational landscape rather than a single enclosed object.",
        "The centre opened in 1973 and originally took its name from Youth Day, celebrated on 25 May. It was renamed for water-polo goalkeeper Milan Gale Muškatirović in 2005 and underwent substantial renovation in 2011. The new name has not entirely displaced the old one, which still connects the building to the date and public culture for which it was commissioned."
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/09-25-may-sports-center-1.webp",
          "caption": "The long riverside elevation beneath its sloping roof",
          "width": 1818,
          "height": 1108,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/09-25-may-sports-center-1-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/09-25-may-sports-center-1-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/09-25-may-sports-center-1-1600.webp 1600w, media/architecture/09-25-may-sports-center-1.webp 1818w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/09-25-may-sports-center-2.webp",
          "caption": "The thin shell roof over the covered Olympic pool",
          "width": 886,
          "height": 1108,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/09-25-may-sports-center-2-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/09-25-may-sports-center-2.webp 886w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/09-25-may-sports-center-3.webp",
          "caption": "A raised concrete canopy and glazed ground-floor frontage",
          "width": 2200,
          "height": 1467,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/09-25-may-sports-center-3-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/09-25-may-sports-center-3-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/09-25-may-sports-center-3-1600.webp 1600w, media/architecture/09-25-may-sports-center-3.webp 2200w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/09-25-may-sports-center-4.webp",
          "caption": "The low complex and its vertical service tower",
          "width": 1760,
          "height": 2200,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/09-25-may-sports-center-4-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/09-25-may-sports-center-4-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/09-25-may-sports-center-4-1600.webp 1600w, media/architecture/09-25-may-sports-center-4.webp 1760w"
        }
      ],
      "layout": "sticky",
      "motion": "sticky",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "25 Maj Sports Center — About",
          "url": "https://www.25maj.rs/o-nama"
        },
        {
          "label": "Architectuul — 25 May Sportcenter",
          "url": "https://architectuul.com/architecture/25-may-sportcenter"
        },
        {
          "label": "Oris — Ivan Antić / 4 of 7",
          "url": "https://www.oris.hr/files/pdf/zastita/2/Oris.56_Antic.4od7.Dunavski.cvet.pdf"
        },
        {
          "label": "Belgrade Socialist Modernism archive — 25 May Sport Center",
          "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240621022625/https://belgradesocialmodernism.com/25-may-sport-center-sportski-centar-25-maj-2/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "number": 10,
      "id": "museum-of-contemporary-art",
      "title": "Museum of Contemporary Art",
      "aliases": "Muzej savremene umetnosti u Beogradu; MSUB",
      "displayYear": "1960–1965",
      "address": "Ušće 10, New Belgrade",
      "mapUrl": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=44.81958%2C20.44248",
      "credits": [
        {
          "label": "Architects",
          "value": "Ivan Antić and Ivanka Raspopović"
        }
      ],
      "paragraphs": [
        "The Museum of Contemporary Art sits in Ušće Park close to the meeting of the Sava and Danube. Ivan Antić and Ivanka Raspopović won the 1960 competition with a building formed from six low, faceted volumes. Their sloping roofs and glazed upper surfaces bring daylight into the galleries and give the museum the crystalline outline for which it became known.",
        "Inside, the volumes are connected rather than divided into a conventional sequence of closed rooms. Half-levels and open views allow exhibitions to unfold through a continuous interior, while the pale stone exterior changes with the flat light and greenery of the river landscape. At its opening on 20 October 1965, the architects received the City of Belgrade’s October Award.",
        "The building closed for a long reconstruction in 2007 and reopened in 2017. Its return restored an important relationship between institution, park and riverbank: the museum is an object in the landscape, but also a carefully controlled instrument for viewing art in natural light."
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/10-museum-of-contemporary-art-1.webp",
          "caption": "The museum’s six crystalline volumes in Ušće Park",
          "width": 2200,
          "height": 1375,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/10-museum-of-contemporary-art-1-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/10-museum-of-contemporary-art-1-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/10-museum-of-contemporary-art-1-1600.webp 1600w, media/architecture/10-museum-of-contemporary-art-1.webp 2200w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/10-museum-of-contemporary-art-2.webp",
          "caption": "The museum approached through the park",
          "width": 2200,
          "height": 1467,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/10-museum-of-contemporary-art-2-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/10-museum-of-contemporary-art-2-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/10-museum-of-contemporary-art-2-1600.webp 1600w, media/architecture/10-museum-of-contemporary-art-2.webp 2200w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/10-museum-of-contemporary-art-3.webp",
          "caption": "Faceted roof geometry and glazed gallery walls",
          "width": 1467,
          "height": 2200,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/10-museum-of-contemporary-art-3-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/10-museum-of-contemporary-art-3-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/10-museum-of-contemporary-art-3.webp 1467w"
        }
      ],
      "layout": "staggered",
      "motion": "zoom",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Museum of Contemporary Art — History",
          "url": "https://msub.org.rs/istorijat-muzeja-savremene-umetnosti-2/?lang=en"
        },
        {
          "label": "City of Belgrade — Sights",
          "url": "https://www.beograd.rs/en/discover-belgrade/a80019/Sights.html"
        },
        {
          "label": "Belgrade Socialist Modernism archive — Museum of Contemporary Art",
          "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240621022625/https://belgradesocialmodernism.com/blok-15-contemporary-art-museum/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "number": 11,
      "id": "sava-centar",
      "title": "Sava Centar",
      "aliases": "",
      "displayYear": "1976–1979",
      "address": "Milentija Popovića 9, New Belgrade",
      "mapUrl": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=44.80906%2C20.43101",
      "credits": [
        {
          "label": "Architect",
          "value": "Stojan Maksimović with a large multidisciplinary team"
        }
      ],
      "paragraphs": [
        "Sava Centar was born from a deadline. Yugoslavia was selected to host the 1977 Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe, but Belgrade had no congress venue large or technically equipped enough for the meeting. Stojan Maksimović led the team that designed and delivered the first phase in roughly a year; the concert and congress complex continued to expand through 1979.",
        "The building makes its internal systems part of the architecture. Sloping glass walls, exposed ducts, bridges, planting and colour-coded elements create an interior closer to an enclosed piece of city than a sequence of formal rooms. The Blue Hall, foyers and congress spaces were designed to handle very different scales of gathering while remaining connected by generous public circulation.",
        "After years of declining maintenance, Sava Centar underwent a major private renovation, with the congress section reopening in 2023 and the Blue Hall following in 2024. Much of the original spatial idea and several recognisable interior elements were retained, although the work also changed parts of the material character. It remains both a functioning venue and a record of Yugoslavia’s ambition to host international political and cultural life."
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/11-sava-centar-1.webp",
          "caption": "The long glazed elevation of Sava Centar",
          "width": 2200,
          "height": 1167,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/11-sava-centar-1-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/11-sava-centar-1-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/11-sava-centar-1-1600.webp 1600w, media/architecture/11-sava-centar-1.webp 2200w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/11-sava-centar-2.webp",
          "caption": "Sloping glass walls and expressed structural elements",
          "width": 2200,
          "height": 999,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/11-sava-centar-2-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/11-sava-centar-2-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/11-sava-centar-2-1600.webp 1600w, media/architecture/11-sava-centar-2.webp 2200w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/11-sava-centar-3.webp",
          "caption": "Entrances and circulation along the congress complex",
          "width": 1760,
          "height": 2200,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/11-sava-centar-3-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/11-sava-centar-3-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/11-sava-centar-3-1600.webp 1600w, media/architecture/11-sava-centar-3.webp 1760w"
        }
      ],
      "layout": "panorama",
      "motion": "pan",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Sava Centar — History and architecture",
          "url": "https://savacentar.rs/en/o-nama/"
        },
        {
          "label": "Guiding Architects — Facelift for the Congress Center Sava",
          "url": "https://www.guiding-architects.net/en/news/facelift-congress-center-sava-belgrade"
        },
        {
          "label": "Belgrade Socialist Modernism archive — Sava Centar",
          "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240621022625/https://belgradesocialmodernism.com/blok-19-sava-centar/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "number": 12,
      "id": "block-22",
      "title": "Block 22",
      "aliases": "",
      "displayYear": "1968–1974",
      "address": "Block 22, New Belgrade",
      "mapUrl": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=44.81161%2C20.42646",
      "credits": [
        {
          "label": "Architects",
          "value": "Aleksandar Stjepanović, Božidar Janković and Branislav Karadžić; Mihajlo Čanak contributed to parts of the realised housing"
        }
      ],
      "paragraphs": [
        "Blocks 22 and 23 were planned together as a major residential ensemble in the central zone of New Belgrade. The winning 1968 proposal by Aleksandar Stjepanović, Božidar Janković and Branislav Karadžić combined repeatable apartment systems with deliberate differences in building height, orientation and façade. Block 22 became the more open of the pair, with long slabs set around broad shared ground.",
        "Industrialised construction determined much of the process, but it did not produce a neutral result. Precast concrete elements give the elevations a strong rhythm, while apartment layouts were repeatedly tested and adjusted. Housing, local services and landscaped areas were intended to work as one neighbourhood rather than as isolated buildings. Circular concrete benches and other pieces of site furniture carried the design down to the scale of daily use.",
        "Later additions and the steady pressure of parking have weakened parts of the original open-space system. Even so, the relationship between the long buildings and the planted interior remains easy to read. The block shows how standardisation could become an architectural language rather than an excuse for uniformity."
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/12-block-22-1.webp",
          "caption": "The long residential buildings of Block 22",
          "width": 2200,
          "height": 2200,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/12-block-22-1-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/12-block-22-1-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/12-block-22-1-1600.webp 1600w, media/architecture/12-block-22-1.webp 2200w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/12-block-22-2.webp",
          "caption": "A precast-concrete façade and its repeated apartment bays",
          "width": 1466,
          "height": 2200,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/12-block-22-2-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/12-block-22-2-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/12-block-22-2.webp 1466w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/12-block-22-3.webp",
          "caption": "Circular concrete seating in the shared landscape",
          "width": 886,
          "height": 1574,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/12-block-22-3-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/12-block-22-3.webp 886w"
        }
      ],
      "layout": "full",
      "motion": "zoom",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "MoMA — Block 22 apartment layout iterations",
          "url": "https://www.moma.org/collection/works/222270"
        },
        {
          "label": "Belgrade Socialist Modernism archive — Block 22",
          "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240621022625/https://belgradesocialmodernism.com/block-22-blok-22/"
        },
        {
          "label": "University of Belgrade Faculty of Architecture — Arhitektura standarda",
          "url": "https://www.arh.bg.ac.rs/2019/02/11/predavanje-arhitektura-standarda-novi-beograd-blok-22-23-banjica-prof-aleksandar-stjepanovic/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "number": 13,
      "id": "block-23",
      "title": "Block 23",
      "aliases": "",
      "displayYear": "1968–1976",
      "address": "Block 23, New Belgrade",
      "mapUrl": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=44.80842%2C20.42409",
      "credits": [
        {
          "label": "Architects",
          "value": "Aleksandar Stjepanović, Božidar Janković and Branislav Karadžić"
        },
        {
          "label": "Construction",
          "value": "1973–1976"
        }
      ],
      "paragraphs": [
        "Block 23 shares its design origin with neighbouring Block 22 but develops a denser and more sculptural urban form. Long buildings, towers and lower community facilities define a protected interior landscape. The residential structures do not simply face the streets: they turn towards one another, framing schools, play areas, paths and planting as the centre of the block.",
        "The façades are built from deep concrete grids. Balconies, windows and structural elements overlap until the elevations appear almost woven, a quality that Serbian architects have sometimes described as “concrete Baroque.” The expression is useful because the effect comes from accumulation and shadow rather than from applied ornament. Behind the complex exterior, the team tested apartment plans with the precision required by large-scale industrialised construction.",
        "Block 23 is now part of the protected Central Zone of New Belgrade. Drawings from the project entered MoMA’s collection following the 2018 exhibition Toward a Concrete Utopia. The block’s architectural reputation, however, rests on more than photographs of concrete: its open spaces continue to support the ordinary social infrastructure for which they were designed."
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/13-block-23-1.webp",
          "caption": "The towers and low-rise service buildings of Block 23",
          "width": 2084,
          "height": 2200,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/13-block-23-1-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/13-block-23-1-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/13-block-23-1-1600.webp 1600w, media/architecture/13-block-23-1.webp 2084w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/13-block-23-2.webp",
          "caption": "Deep concrete grids across the façade",
          "width": 1467,
          "height": 2200,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/13-block-23-2-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/13-block-23-2-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/13-block-23-2.webp 1467w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/13-block-23-3.webp",
          "caption": "Deep balconies and vertical service zones across a tower façade",
          "width": 1467,
          "height": 2200,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/13-block-23-3-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/13-block-23-3-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/13-block-23-3.webp 1467w"
        }
      ],
      "layout": "staggered",
      "motion": "none",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "MoMA — Block 23 plan iterations",
          "url": "https://www.moma.org/collection/works/222274"
        },
        {
          "label": "Block 23 community site",
          "url": "https://blok23.org.rs/"
        },
        {
          "label": "Urban Planning — Calibrating the Parallax View",
          "url": "https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/7641"
        },
        {
          "label": "Belgrade Socialist Modernism archive — Block 23",
          "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240621022625/https://belgradesocialmodernism.com/block-23/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "number": 14,
      "id": "palace-of-serbia",
      "title": "Palace of Serbia",
      "aliases": "",
      "displayYear": "1947–1961",
      "address": "Bulevar Mihajla Pupina 2, New Belgrade",
      "mapUrl": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=44.82097%2C20.42659",
      "credits": [
        {
          "label": "Former name",
          "value": "Palace of the Federal Executive Council; SIV I"
        },
        {
          "label": "Competition team",
          "value": "Vladimir Potočnjak, Anton Urlih, Zlatko Nojman and Dragica Perak"
        },
        {
          "label": "Final design",
          "value": "Mihailo Janković and the Stadion design office"
        }
      ],
      "paragraphs": [
        "The Palace of Serbia was one of the first buildings begun in New Belgrade and the project that most directly announced its role as the administrative centre of post-war Yugoslavia. A Zagreb-based team won the 1947 competition with a symmetrical government complex. Construction soon stalled, and when work resumed in the mid-1950s, Mihailo Janković substantially revised the design.",
        "The completed building retains the monumental H-shaped plan but replaces the heavier language of the initial post-war period with long glazed elevations, pale stone and a carefully coordinated modern interior. Each of the six federal republics was represented through salons, materials and works of art. Furniture, lighting, murals, mosaics and sculpture were conceived as part of the architecture, making the palace an unusually complete example of Yugoslav “total design.”",
        "The building opened in 1961, the year Belgrade hosted the first summit of the Non-Aligned Movement. Its broad forecourt, park and fountain established an urban scale that still defines this part of New Belgrade. Today it is used for Serbian government administration and state protocol; its interiors are generally encountered through official events rather than everyday public access."
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/14-palace-of-serbia-1.webp",
          "caption": "The palace extending across the ceremonial landscape",
          "width": 2200,
          "height": 595,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/14-palace-of-serbia-1-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/14-palace-of-serbia-1-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/14-palace-of-serbia-1-1600.webp 1600w, media/architecture/14-palace-of-serbia-1.webp 2200w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/14-palace-of-serbia-2.webp",
          "caption": "Layered office wings and service cores along the façade",
          "width": 2200,
          "height": 1467,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/14-palace-of-serbia-2-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/14-palace-of-serbia-2-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/14-palace-of-serbia-2-1600.webp 1600w, media/architecture/14-palace-of-serbia-2.webp 2200w"
        }
      ],
      "layout": "panorama",
      "motion": "pan",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "City of Belgrade — Sights",
          "url": "https://www.beograd.rs/en/discover-belgrade/a80019/Sights.html"
        },
        {
          "label": "Palata Srbije — Administration for Joint Services",
          "url": "https://www.uzzpro.gov.rs/latinica/palata.html"
        },
        {
          "label": "Natural History Museum competition — Site history",
          "url": "https://prirodnjackimuzej.konkurs.rs/sr/3-opste-karakteristike-prostora"
        },
        {
          "label": "Palace of Serbia",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Serbia"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "number": 15,
      "id": "automatic-telephone-exchange",
      "title": "Automatic Telephone Exchange",
      "aliases": "Automatska telefonska centrala u Bloku 29",
      "displayYear": "1975–1979",
      "address": "Bulevar umetnosti 16A, New Belgrade",
      "mapUrl": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=44.81792%2C20.41247",
      "credits": [
        {
          "label": "Architect",
          "value": "Vladimir Blažin"
        }
      ],
      "paragraphs": [
        "The automatic telephone exchange was built at the edge of Block 29, between the original 1970s neighbourhood and the part filled with housing in the 2000s. Its purpose required a largely enclosed, technically controlled interior. Vladimir Blažin turned that constraint into an architecture of thick concrete walls, narrow openings and sharply modelled service volumes.",
        "Unlike the surrounding residential buildings, the exchange has no repeated balconies or visible domestic scale. It reads as a compact piece of urban equipment. Recesses and projections break the exterior into smaller parts, while the limited windows emphasise the difference between telecommunications infrastructure and the open apartments around it.",
        "For years the building stood relatively isolated on land reserved for a district centre that was never completed. New construction has since closed around it, changing the way it is seen. The exchange now marks the seam between two periods of Block 29: the military-funded modernist plan begun in 1969 and the denser commercial development added decades later."
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/15-automatic-telephone-exchange-1.webp",
          "caption": "The exchange as a compact concrete object in Block 29",
          "width": 2112,
          "height": 2200,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/15-automatic-telephone-exchange-1-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/15-automatic-telephone-exchange-1-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/15-automatic-telephone-exchange-1-1600.webp 1600w, media/architecture/15-automatic-telephone-exchange-1.webp 2112w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/15-automatic-telephone-exchange-2.webp",
          "caption": "Enclosed technical volumes and narrow openings",
          "width": 1375,
          "height": 2200,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/15-automatic-telephone-exchange-2-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/15-automatic-telephone-exchange-2-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/15-automatic-telephone-exchange-2.webp 1375w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/15-automatic-telephone-exchange-3.webp",
          "caption": "The building at the boundary between older and newer development",
          "width": 1375,
          "height": 2200,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/15-automatic-telephone-exchange-3-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/15-automatic-telephone-exchange-3-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/15-automatic-telephone-exchange-3.webp 1375w"
        }
      ],
      "layout": "vertical",
      "motion": "none",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Beotura — Block 29",
          "url": "https://beotura.rs/blok-29/"
        },
        {
          "label": "PlanPlus — Telekom Srbija, Bulevar umetnosti 16A",
          "url": "https://www.planplus.rs/telekom-srbija/129700"
        },
        {
          "label": "Telephone central station, Block 29",
          "url": "https://www.reddit.com/r/brutalism/comments/qn7qk5"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "number": 16,
      "id": "block-28-televizorka",
      "title": "Block 28 / Televizorka",
      "aliases": "Televizorke",
      "displayYear": "1970–1974",
      "address": "Block 28, New Belgrade",
      "mapUrl": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=44.81286%2C20.41323",
      "credits": [
        {
          "label": "Architect",
          "value": "Ilija Arnautović"
        }
      ],
      "paragraphs": [
        "Two 280-metre residential slabs give Block 28 its most familiar image. Their nickname, Televizorke — television buildings — comes from the projecting square window frames that resemble the rounded screens of old television sets. Repeated across the long elevations, these concrete boxes provide shade and depth while breaking down an otherwise daunting scale.",
        "Ilija Arnautović designed the buildings as part of the complete urban and architectural plan for Block 28. The long slabs are balanced by towers, lower services and open space, creating a neighbourhood with several building types rather than a single repeated model. Apartments are gathered around a highly rational structure, but the façades turn that system into a strong public identity.",
        "The buildings were controversial when new, precisely because their length and window frames were impossible to ignore. Fifty years later, the nickname has become affectionate and the slabs are among the most recognisable works of New Belgrade housing. Individual glazing, air conditioners and repairs have changed the surfaces, but the original rhythm remains dominant."
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/16-block-28-televizorka-1.webp",
          "caption": "The full length of a Televizorka façade",
          "width": 2200,
          "height": 996,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/16-block-28-televizorka-1-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/16-block-28-televizorka-1-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/16-block-28-televizorka-1-1600.webp 1600w, media/architecture/16-block-28-televizorka-1.webp 2200w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/16-block-28-televizorka-2.webp",
          "caption": "Repetition and depth across the residential façade",
          "width": 1238,
          "height": 2200,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/16-block-28-televizorka-2-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/16-block-28-televizorka-2-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/16-block-28-televizorka-2.webp 1238w"
        }
      ],
      "layout": "panorama",
      "motion": "pan",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "DOCOMOMO Serbia — Televizorke, Block 28",
          "url": "https://www.docomomo-serbia.org/code/uploads/2018/03/15-RES-RS-011-b-0007-Blok-28-NBG-TELEVIZORKE-SR.pdf"
        },
        {
          "label": "City of Belgrade — Televizorke",
          "url": "https://www.beograd.rs/lat/zivot-u-beogradu/beogradska-riznica/a86788/Televizorke-simbol-Novog-Beograda.html"
        },
        {
          "label": "Atlas Obscura — Televizorke",
          "url": "https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/televizorke-belgrade-serbia"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "number": 17,
      "id": "federal-executive-council-building-iii-siv-iii",
      "title": "Federal Executive Council Building III / SIV III",
      "aliases": "SIV III",
      "displayYear": "1975–1980",
      "address": "Omladinskih brigada 1, New Belgrade",
      "mapUrl": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=44.82203%2C20.41333",
      "credits": [
        {
          "label": "Architect",
          "value": "Ljupko Ćurčić"
        }
      ],
      "paragraphs": [
        "SIV III was built for the expanding federal administration of Yugoslavia, but it avoids the ceremonial symmetry of the earlier Palace of Serbia. Ljupko Ćurčić organised the complex as intersecting square volumes around a large internal court. The atrium brought daylight into a deep office plan and reduced the need for long, enclosed corridors.",
        "The exterior is dominated by raw concrete, deep window reveals and bands of amber glazing. Ćurčić paid close attention to how sunlight entered those recesses, using shadow to give the large façades a finer rhythm. Published accounts also describe white cement being added to soften the colour of the concrete. The result is severe at a distance but unusually detailed when seen close up.",
        "The building has continued to serve administrative and financial functions after the dissolution of Yugoslavia. It now houses the Belgrade Stock Exchange alongside a number of Serbian ministries, inspectorates and state agencies. Its everyday office use has kept it outside the usual circuit of public monuments, even though it is one of New Belgrade’s clearest examples of late concrete institutional architecture."
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/17-federal-executive-council-building-iii-siv-iii-1.webp",
          "caption": "The interlocking office volumes of SIV III",
          "width": 2200,
          "height": 1650,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/17-federal-executive-council-building-iii-siv-iii-1-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/17-federal-executive-council-building-iii-siv-iii-1-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/17-federal-executive-council-building-iii-siv-iii-1-1600.webp 1600w, media/architecture/17-federal-executive-council-building-iii-siv-iii-1.webp 2200w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/17-federal-executive-council-building-iii-siv-iii-2.webp",
          "caption": "Deep concrete reveals around the rounded corner volume",
          "width": 1467,
          "height": 2200,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/17-federal-executive-council-building-iii-siv-iii-2-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/17-federal-executive-council-building-iii-siv-iii-2-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/17-federal-executive-council-building-iii-siv-iii-2.webp 1467w"
        }
      ],
      "layout": "vertical",
      "motion": "none",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Belgrade Socialist Modernism archive — SIV III",
          "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240621022625/https://belgradesocialmodernism.com/federal-executive-council-building-siv-3-mup-novi-beoograd/"
        },
        {
          "label": "Soviet Modernism — Federal Executive Council Building SIV III",
          "url": "https://sovietmodernism.com/2018/02/25/federal-executive-council-building-siv-3-new-belgrade-serbia/"
        },
        {
          "label": "Facta Universitatis — Brutalism in Serbian architecture",
          "url": "https://casopisi.junis.ni.ac.rs/index.php/FUArchCivEng/article/download/2049/2044"
        },
        {
          "label": "PlanPlus — Omladinskih brigada 1",
          "url": "https://www.planplus.rs/beograd/ulica/omladinskih-brigada/20592"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "number": 18,
      "id": "genex-tower-western-city-gate",
      "title": "Genex Tower / Western City Gate",
      "aliases": "Genex Residential and Business Complex",
      "displayYear": "1970–1980",
      "address": "Narodnih heroja 41–43, New Belgrade",
      "mapUrl": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=44.82019%2C20.4049",
      "credits": [
        {
          "label": "Architect",
          "value": "Mihajlo Mitrović"
        }
      ],
      "paragraphs": [
        "Genex Tower is composed of two unequal high-rises joined near the top by a two-storey bridge. A circular restaurant sits above the connection, completing a silhouette conceived to be read from the motorway between the airport and the city. The taller tower contains apartments; the shorter one was built for offices and became associated with the foreign-trade company Generalexport, or Genex.",
        "Mihajlo Mitrović developed the project from a much smaller commission for offices and a local community centre into a vertical urban marker. Construction extended through the 1970s and was completed in 1980. The rough concrete structure is animated by rounded openings, projecting elements and a mural by Lazar Vujaklija at ground level. The rooftop restaurant opened with the building and remained in use until 1999, but its planned rotating window-side ring never worked because the mechanism was incomplete.",
        "The office tower’s closure and the residential tower’s maintenance problems have made the gap between symbol and daily operation increasingly visible. In 2021 the complex was declared a cultural monument. That status recognises not only its form but its deliberate role as Belgrade’s western gate: architecture used to give a growing city a legible edge."
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/18-genex-tower-western-city-gate-1.webp",
          "caption": "The twin towers and circular restaurant seen from the motorway side",
          "width": 1691,
          "height": 2200,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/18-genex-tower-western-city-gate-1-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/18-genex-tower-western-city-gate-1-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/18-genex-tower-western-city-gate-1-1600.webp 1600w, media/architecture/18-genex-tower-western-city-gate-1.webp 1691w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/18-genex-tower-western-city-gate-2.webp",
          "caption": "The bridge and restaurant viewed from below",
          "width": 1818,
          "height": 1200,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/18-genex-tower-western-city-gate-2-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/18-genex-tower-western-city-gate-2-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/18-genex-tower-western-city-gate-2-1600.webp 1600w, media/architecture/18-genex-tower-western-city-gate-2.webp 1818w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/18-genex-tower-western-city-gate-3.webp",
          "caption": "Rounded concrete openings near the top of the complex",
          "width": 1118,
          "height": 1676,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/18-genex-tower-western-city-gate-3-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/18-genex-tower-western-city-gate-3-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/18-genex-tower-western-city-gate-3.webp 1118w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/18-genex-tower-western-city-gate-4.webp",
          "caption": "The circular restaurant crowning the office tower",
          "width": 1242,
          "height": 2200,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/18-genex-tower-western-city-gate-4-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/18-genex-tower-western-city-gate-4-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/18-genex-tower-western-city-gate-4.webp 1242w"
        }
      ],
      "layout": "sticky",
      "motion": "sticky",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Tourism Organisation of Serbia — Genex declared a cultural monument",
          "url": "https://www.old.serbia.travel/sr/vesti/40184-stambeno-poslovna-kula-geneks-u-beogradu-proglasena-za-spomenik-kulture"
        },
        {
          "label": "RTS — Genex as cultural heritage and residents’ burden",
          "url": "https://www.rts.rs/lat/magazin/Zanimljivosti/4578840/kula-geneks-kulturno-dobro-i-nocna-mora-njenih-stanara.html"
        },
        {
          "label": "Mondo — The rotating restaurant that never rotated",
          "url": "https://mondo.rs/Info/Beograd/a2124322/rotirajuci-restoran-na-vrhu-geneks-kule.html"
        },
        {
          "label": "Belgrade Socialist Modernism archive — Western City Gate",
          "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240621022625/https://belgradesocialmodernism.com/western-city-gate-genex/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "number": 19,
      "id": "zemun-tower-blocks",
      "title": "Zemun Tower Blocks",
      "aliases": "Beli soliteri na Zemunskom keju",
      "displayYear": "1978",
      "address": "Kej oslobođenja 11–13, Zemun",
      "mapUrl": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=44.84001%2C20.41866",
      "credits": [
        {
          "label": "Architect",
          "value": "Not reliably documented"
        }
      ],
      "paragraphs": [
        "The pair of white residential towers on the Zemun quay occupies an unusual boundary. To the north lies the compact street pattern and tiled roofs of historic Zemun; to the south, the riverfront opens towards the larger scale of New Belgrade. The towers belong to neither condition completely. Their height makes them visible along the Danube, while their pale cladding and stacked balconies keep them distinct from the darker concrete landmarks elsewhere in this guide.",
        "Completed in 1978, the buildings rise from a low shared base close to the riverside promenade. Apartments turn towards long views of the Danube, Gardoš and the flat landscape beyond the opposite bank. At ground level, the complex joins the shops, schools and paths of Donji Grad rather than forming an isolated superblock.",
        "Published information about the towers is surprisingly scarce. Their value within this selection lies partly in that ordinary status: they are not a state monument or a famous experimental project, but a late-modern intervention that changed the skyline of one of Belgrade’s oldest urban centres."
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/19-zemun-tower-blocks-1.webp",
          "caption": "The tower blocks rising behind Zemun’s riverfront roofs",
          "width": 2200,
          "height": 824,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/19-zemun-tower-blocks-1-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/19-zemun-tower-blocks-1-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/19-zemun-tower-blocks-1-1600.webp 1600w, media/architecture/19-zemun-tower-blocks-1.webp 2200w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/19-zemun-tower-blocks-2.webp",
          "caption": "The white towers above Zemun’s lower riverfront buildings",
          "width": 1467,
          "height": 2200,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/19-zemun-tower-blocks-2-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/19-zemun-tower-blocks-2-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/19-zemun-tower-blocks-2.webp 1467w"
        }
      ],
      "layout": "vertical",
      "motion": "none",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Belgrade Socialist Modernism archive — Zemun Tower Blocks",
          "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240621022625/https://belgradesocialmodernism.com/zemun-tower-blocks/"
        },
        {
          "label": "Wikimedia Commons — Towers beside the Zemun quay",
          "url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AKej_oslobo%C4%91enja_%2814%29.JPG"
        },
        {
          "label": "Zemunski Kej",
          "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemunski_Kej"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "number": 20,
      "id": "blocks-61-64",
      "title": "Blocks 61–64",
      "aliases": "Bežanijski blokovi; Stepenice",
      "displayYear": "1971–1976",
      "address": "Blocks 61–64, New Belgrade",
      "mapUrl": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/?api=1&query=44.80397%2C20.37653",
      "credits": [
        {
          "label": "Urban plan",
          "value": "Josip Svoboda"
        },
        {
          "label": "Architects of the southern parts of Blocks 61–62",
          "value": "Milenija Marušić, Darko Marušić and Milan Miodragović"
        }
      ],
      "paragraphs": [
        "The housing landscape at the western end of New Belgrade was planned for roughly 40,000 residents across Blocks 61, 62, 63 and part of 64. Josip Svoboda’s 1965 urban plan established a strict symmetrical composition and wedge-shaped building envelopes. A 1971 competition asked architects to turn that predetermined framework into workable mass housing.",
        "Milenija and Darko Marušić with Milan Miodragović won the commission for the southern parts of Blocks 61 and 62. Their buildings became known as Stepenice, the Steps. Long residential volumes rise in stages from lower ends towards taller central sections, concentrating hundreds of apartments without producing a continuous wall of equal height. Single- and double-loaded building types, prefabricated systems and carefully tested flats were combined within the fixed urban geometry.",
        "The wider blocks continued to develop beyond the first ensemble and include work by other teams. What holds the area together is the repeated relationship between large housing forms, schools, local centres and green pedestrian ground. The scale is metropolitan, but movement through the blocks occurs through a sequence of smaller landscapes and thresholds."
      ],
      "images": [
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/20-blocks-61-64-1.webp",
          "caption": "Housing, open ground and the western edge of New Belgrade",
          "width": 2200,
          "height": 1041,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/20-blocks-61-64-1-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/20-blocks-61-64-1-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/20-blocks-61-64-1-1600.webp 1600w, media/architecture/20-blocks-61-64-1.webp 2200w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/20-blocks-61-64-2.webp",
          "caption": "A residential slab seen edge-on through the trees",
          "width": 1238,
          "height": 2200,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/20-blocks-61-64-2-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/20-blocks-61-64-2-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/20-blocks-61-64-2.webp 1238w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/20-blocks-61-64-3.webp",
          "caption": "Prefabricated façades and repeated apartment bays",
          "width": 1650,
          "height": 2200,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/20-blocks-61-64-3-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/20-blocks-61-64-3-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/20-blocks-61-64-3-1600.webp 1600w, media/architecture/20-blocks-61-64-3.webp 1650w"
        },
        {
          "src": "media/architecture/20-blocks-61-64-4.webp",
          "caption": "Stepped residential profiles across the Bežanija blocks",
          "width": 2200,
          "height": 918,
          "srcset": "media/architecture/20-blocks-61-64-4-640.webp 640w, media/architecture/20-blocks-61-64-4-1024.webp 1024w, media/architecture/20-blocks-61-64-4-1600.webp 1600w, media/architecture/20-blocks-61-64-4.webp 2200w"
        }
      ],
      "layout": "panorama",
      "motion": "pan",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Milenija and Darko Marušić Foundation — Southern parts of Blocks 61 and 62",
          "url": "https://mdmfondacija.org/sr-latn/juzni-delovi-blokova-61-i-62-na-novom-beogradu/"
        },
        {
          "label": "Belgrade Socialist Modernism archive — Blocks 61–64",
          "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240621022625/https://belgradesocialmodernism.com/blok-61-62/"
        },
        {
          "label": "SPATIUM — Modernism versus postmodernism in the work of Milenija and Darko Marušić",
          "url": "https://spatium.rs/index.php/home/article/download/24/26/62"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "outro": [
    "This guide is not a ranking or a complete catalogue. It brings together twenty sites that show how Belgrade changed during the socialist era.",
    "All contemporary photographs on the site were taken by Ilnur Kalimullin. Reuse is not permitted without written approval.",
    "This independent, non-commercial project began in 2024 with help from Diliara Garifullina. Corrections, suggestions and questions are welcome at ilnur@klmln.com."
  ]
}